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This page offers a chronology regarding the DMCA,
Napster, Gnutella and other filesharing developments.
It covers -
Context
is provided by the multi-page communications & media
timeline on this site and the
chronologies for Australian IP
and copyright collecting societies.
precursors
1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man embodies
respect for creativity
1831 revised US copyright law extended protection to "musical
compositions in traditional notation"
1833 UK Dramatic Copyright Act ('Bulwer-Lytton
Act') protects performing right in dramatic works
1837 Société des gens de lettres founded
in France
1847 Bourget, Parizot & Henrion successfully sue Paris
cafe for music royalties
1850 Societe des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Editeurs de
Musique (SACEM) established in France as first true copyright
collecting society
1877 Edison unveils 'talking machine'
1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary &
Industrial Works
1887 Berliner invents phonographic disk
1891 International Copyright Convention
1903 Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs und mechanische
Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) formed in Germany
1903 US Supreme Court rules in favour of Edison that copyright
protection of photographs extends to films
1906 first classical music radio broadcast
1908 Berlin Convention adds photography, film and sound
recordings to Berne
1909
US copyright law prohibits "unauthorized mechanical reproduction
of musical compositions"
1911 Performing Right Society (PRS) founded in UK
1912 Australian Copyright Act 1912 reflects UK
Act of 1911
1912 US passes law to control radio stations
1913 American Society of Composers, Authors & Publishers
(ASCAP) formed in US
1915 electric loudspeaker
1924 Mechanical Copyright Protection Society (MCPS) founded
in UK
1926 Confederation Internationale des Societes Auteurs
& Compositeurs (CISAC) founded
1926 Australasian Performing Right Association Ltd (APRA)
founded
1928 Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers,
Producers of Phonograms & Broadcasting Organizations adds
broadcasting to Berne
1929 Bureau International des Sociétés Gérant les Droits
D'Enregistrement et les Reproduction Mecanique (BIEM)
founded
1934 Gramophone Co v Cawardine & Co case in UK results
in payment to owners of sound recordings for broadcasts
and public performances
birth of the compact disk
1980 invention of Compact Disk (CD)
1982 music CD launched in consumer markets by Philips
and Sony,
doesn't feature copy protection
extension to personal computers
1985 CD technology extended for use in personal computers
MPEG-1 and the AHRA
1992 MPEG-1 approved as data storage/retrieval standard
1992 Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA) passed by
US Congress
1992 launch of the Internet Underground Music Archive
(IUMA)
MP3, Real Audio and the No Electronic Theft Act
1995 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft patents MPEG-1 layer 3 (aka
MP3) in US
1995 Real Audio 1.0 is released
1997 Winamp launched by Frankel
1997 launch of MP3.com
1997 launch of MusicMatch
1997 US No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act)
1997 Digital Object Identifier (DOI) launched
the DMCA and SDMI
1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
in US
1998 MP3.com, GoodNoise, MusicMatch, Xing Technology and
Diamond Multimedia launch MP3 Association
1998 RIAA launches Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI)
1998 Copyright Term Extension Act ('Sonny Bono
Act') in US
1998 Diamond Multimedia launches portable commercial MP3
player
1998 Emusic.com becomes the first commercial web site
to sell singles and albums in MP3 format
Napster
1999 Shawn Fanning launches Napster P2P file-sharing service
1999 Frankel sells Nullsoft to AOL for US$100m
1999 Record Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues
Napster for being "a haven for music piracy on an
unprecedented scale"
1999 French court imposes three month prison sentence
for copyright infringement by providing links to illegal
MP3 files
1999 MP3.com listed on Nasdaq
Gnutella and the Digital Agenda
Act
2000 MP3.com announces introduction of My.MP3.com personal
jukebox
2000 Frankel launches Gnutella
2000 major record labels sue MP3.com
2000 MP3.com ordered to pay US$250m to Universal
Music Group
2000
Metallica sue Napster for damages
2000 Commonwealth Parliament Cracking Down on Copycats:
enforcement of copyright in Australia report
2000 Australian Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda)
Act 2000
2000 Nullsoft withdraws support for Gnutella
2000 Felten at Princeton University demonstrates weaknesses
in SDMI watermarking
2000 Sony
Music is first major label to begin commercial downloads
of singles in US
2000 Sony and Universal disclose plans to launch Duet
(later renamed Pressplay), commercial digital music subscription
service
2000
Australian Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000
2000 Emusic.com announces plans to launch US subscription
service
2000 KaZaA invented by Amsterdam-based FastTrack (Sharman
Networks, AltNet/Brilliant Digital and Joltid)
2000 Napster closes during copyright infringement lawsuit
in US
2000 Bertelsmann
invests in Napster, with plans for commercial access to
service
2000 UK online music service OD2 launches WebAudioNet
platform to enable retail clients to offer subscription
services
2000 US court rules that terrestrial broadcasters must
pay royalties for webcasts and streaming of recordings
2000 Vivendi Universal buys MP3.com
licensing and litigation after the crash
2001 Bertelsmann's BMG Entertainment agrees to license
music to OD2 for European distribution
2001 O'Reilly Peer-to-Peer Conference decries constraints
on P2P
2001 US court tells Napster to block all infringing files
2001 EMI
agrees to license music to Pressplay
2001 EU Directive on Copyright & Related Rights In The
Information Society
2001 Warner Music licences catalogue to Tiscali and other
ISPs for EU subscription services
2001 Universal licenses catalogue to FullAudio
2001 Kabushiki Kaisha Sony v Stevens anticircumvention
case in Australia
2001 Rhapsody, MusicNet and Pressplay launch in US
filesharing and the record industry slump?
2002 Sony, EMI and BMG licence catalogues to Listen.com
for its Rhapsody subscription service
2002 US Supreme Court rules in Eldred v Ashcroft
that Sonny Bono Act is constitutional
2002 US record and film industries sue owners of Grokster,
Morpheus and Kazaa
2002 KaZaA sold to Sharman Networks
2002 FastTrack pulls service to Morpheus (which moves
to Gnutella), claiming "They weren’t paying
their bills"
2002 UK copyright collecting
societies Performing Right Society and Mechanical Copyright
Protection Society offer dual licence to facilitate clearance
of mechanical and performing rights
2002 Warner licenses catalogue to Rhapsody
2002 WIPO Copyright Treaty
and WIPO Performances & Phonograms Treaty update international
copyright law
2002 Napster collapses
2002 FullAudio introduces its own music service
2002 French ISP Wanadoo makes deal with OD2
2002 Universal licences catalogue to Listen.com
2002 UK retailer HMV offers subscription service in brick-n-mortar
stores
2002 BMG licenses catalogue to Pressplay
2002 UK Association of Independent Music (AIM), independent
labels body, facilitates licensing by international online
radio stations
2002 Universal licenses catalogue for pan-European distribution
2002 MusicNet secures licensing deals in US with Universal
and Sony
2002 Warner Music licences Pressplay
2002 US legislators Howard Berman and Howard Coble propose
'Berman Bill' to legalise Denial of Service and other
action by copyright owners against P2P devices
2002 Forrester questions whether decline in industry revenue
is primarily due to filesharing
2002 Audiogalaxy settles litigation bought by record industry
over its "piratical behavior", pays compensation
and withdraws many files
2002 AIM, record, technology and telecommunications businesses
in UK form Musical consortium to distribute music via
mobile phones
2002 EMI licences Liquid Audio, Alliance Entertainment,
Ecast, FullAudio Corporation, Listen.com, MusicNet, pressplay,
Roxio and Streamwaves
2002 EU independent labels body Impala launches Impala
Interactive centralised licensing mechanism
iTunes and litigation against users
2003 Tower Records, Virgin Entertainment Group, Hastings
Entertainment, Wherehouse Music, Best Buy and Trans World
Entertainment launch Echo service
2003 RIAA begins sending millions of messages to Kazaa
and Grokster users, alerting them against unauthorised
P2P use of copyright music
2003 Universal's Island Def Jam Music begins selling singles
as downloads
2003 Sony Music France licenses 5,000 songs by local and
international artists to e-compil, Universal Music France's
digital subscription service
2003 Tiscali offers free music to broadband subscribers
2003 AOL introduces its own version of MusicNet
2003 IFPI launches GRid (Global Release Identifier) to
identify and track online content
2003 Ericsson and Sony Music Germany announce collaboration
on M-USE project about music-related content to mobile-phone
users
2003 BT launches Dotmusic on Demand service supported
by major labels
2003 MTV Networks Europe launches similar service
2003 RealNetworks buys minority share in Listen.com
2003 EMI makes available over 140,000 tracks (3,000 groups)
2003 UK High Court rules that EasyInternet must compensate
BPI, British music industry trade body, for copyright
infringement and unlicensed CD-burning services
2003 Australian P2P site MP3 WMA closed following investigation
by IFPI and MIPI, with operators fined
2003 RealNetworks announces planned acquisition of Listen.com
for US$36m
2003 US district court rules that Verizon must reveal
identity of anonymous subscriber accused of swapping
2003 Apple launches iTunes Music Store online music service
in US with repertoire from all major labels, with per-track
rather than subscription basis
2003 US District Court rules that Morpheus and Grokster
P2P services are not liable for copyright infringement
but unauthorised file sharing is illegal
2003 RIAA sues students and parents in US
2003 in Sony Music Entertainment (Australia) Ltd v
Uni of Tasmania here
music IPR owners litigate against Australian universities
over student file sharing
2003 Destra relaunches Australian retail download
service through Sanity, HMV, JBHiFi and ChaosMusic
2003 Apple announces that it has sold 25 million songs
in year of iTunes launch
2004 copyright owners gain Anton Piller orders for raid
in Australia on KaZaA (Sharman Networks) and Brilliant
Digital Entertainment
2005 US Supreme Court rules that distributors of file-swapping
software can be held liable for copyright infringement
2005 Stephen Cooper (MP3s4free.net) and Australian ISP
Comcen found guilty of copyright infringement by Federal
Court, having breached Australian law by creating hyperlinks
to sites that had infringing sound recordings
2005 Federal Court decision in Universal Music Australia
v Sharman
2006 Sharman Networks agrees to pay US$115m to settle
lawsuits brought by record labels and to "use all
reasonable means" to discourage online piracy
2006 Federal Court upholds decision in MP3s4free.net case
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