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     studies

This page offers a point of entry to the literature by highlighting works on passports, citizenship documentation and travel surveillance schemes.

It covers -

• passports - key writings about passport history and legal frameworks
• citizenship and national identity - studies about the changing nature of citizenship
• travel surveillance - government and other studies about traveller identification, screening and surveillance
• tourists and territories - the emergence of tourism, border restrictions and registration regimes

     passports and visas

John Torpey's The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship & the State (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press 2000) and Mark Salter's Rights of Passage: The Passport in International Relations (Boulder: Rienner 2003) are essential reading. Also recommended are Torpey's 1998 paper Coming and Going: On the State Monopolization of the Legitimate Means of Movement and Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices since the French Revolution (Princeton: Princeton Uni Press 2001) co-edited by Jane Caplan.

Mervyn Matthews' The Passport Society: Controlling Movement in Russia and the USSR (Boulder: Westview 1993), Daniel Turack's The Passport in International Law (Lexington: Lexington Books 1972), papers in Migration Control in the North Atlantic World: The Evolution of State Practices in Europe and the US from the French Revolution to the Inter-War Period (New York: Berghahn 2003) edited by Andreas Fahrmeir, Olivier Faron & Patrick Weil and The History of Diplomatic Immunity (Columbus: Ohio State Uni Press 1999) by Linda & Marsha Frey are also of value.

     citizenship and national identity

For an exploration of citizenship and national identity see Rogers Brubaker's Citizenship & Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard Uni Press 1992), Andreas Fahrmeir's Citizens & Aliens: Foreigners and the Law in Britain and the German States, 1789-1870 (New York: Berghahn 2001), James Kettner's The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill: Uni of North Carolina Press 1978), Peter Sahlins' Unnaturally French: Foreign Citizens in the Old Regime and After (Ithaca: Cornell Uni Press 2004), Charlotte Wells' Law & Citizenship in Early Modern France (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni Press 1995), Maxim Silverman's Deconstructing the Nation: Immigration, Racism and Citizenship in Modern France (London: Routledge 1992) and Frank Caestecker's Alien Policy in Belgium, 1840-1940: The Creation of Guest Workers, Refugees and Illegal Immigrants (New York: Berghahn 2000).

     traveller data and travel surveillance

Until recently there has been little scholarly writing on privacy aspects of travel information, with much of the literature concentrating on the regulation of computerised reservation systems. A salient work is Colin Bennett's 1999 What Happens when you buy an Airline Ticket? Surveillance, Globalization and the Regulation of International Communications Networks (PDF). We have highlighted a range of government and academic studies in discussing spatial privacy elsewhere on this site.

For recent Australian developments several reports by the Australian National Audit Office and parliamentary committees are of particular value, notably in the absence of comprehensive analysis from the federal Privacy Commissioner.

Key parliamentary committee documents include the -

• 2004 report of the Review of Aviation Security by the federal parliament Joint Committee on Public Accounts & Audit (JCPAA)

Key reports by the federal Auditor-General (ANAO) include -

• 2003 Aviation Security in Australia report
• 2003 Passport Services report
• 2004 Onshore Compliance - Visa Overstayers and Non-Citizens Working Illegally report
• 1999 Electronic Travel Authority report

     tourists and territories

The literature on tourism is large but is essentially concerned with questions relating to services, choice of destination and cultural impacts rather than traveller identification.

Points of entry include Tourism & Political Boundaries (New York: Routledge 2001) by Dallen Timothy & Geoffrey Wall, Travel Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press 2001) by Harold Vogel, Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture & Identity in Modern Europe and North America (Ann Arbor: Uni of Michigan Press 2001) edited by Shelley Baranowski & Ellen Furlough, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Harvard Uni Press 1997) by James Clifford and Across the Lines: Travel, Language, Translation (Cork: Cork Uni Press 2000) by Michael Cronin.

Historical perspectives are offered in History of Tourism: Thomas Cook & the Origins of Leisure Travel (London: Routledge 1998) by Paul Smith, Rupert Christiansen's The Visitors: Culture Shock in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London: Pimlico 2001), Lynne Withey's Grand Tours and Cook's Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915 (London: Aurum 1998), Paul Fussell's waspish Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (Oxford: Oxford Uni Press 1980) and Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage & the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939 (Oxford: Berg 1998) by David Lloyd.

Pointers to writing about rail, road, air and sea traffic feature elsewhere on this site.

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